Human A&PBIO 304 · American River College ← Week 07 pre-work

BIO 304 · Week 07 · Interactive Workbook

Adaptive Immunity

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Part 1 of 4 · Recall

Fill in the blanks

Type the term that completes each statement, using the word bank. Pull it from memory first.

Word bank

Active artificialNegative selectionTargetBorn in bone marrowCD4+ helper T (Tʈ)Plasma cellMHC IIIgAOpsonizationT-dependent activationPrecipitationMemory T cellsVaccinationPrimary responseIgE

  1. migrate to thymus to mature
  2. must not react too strongly to self-peptide
  3. recognizes antigen on MHC II (APCs); orchestrates response
  4. persist after infection; fast response on re-exposure
  5. on antigen-presenting cells; presents exogenous (engulfed) antigen to CD4+
  6. virus-infected cells, tumor cells, transplant cells
  7. antigen + helper T cell signal → full response
  8. antibody factory; lives days to weeks
  9. mucosal & secretions (tears, saliva, breast milk); dimer
  10. allergy & parasites; binds mast cells
  11. tags pathogen for phagocytes
  12. soluble antigens clumped out of solution
  13. first exposure; latency 5-10 days; IgM dominant; modest titer
  14. safely creates a primary response so the next exposure is the easier secondary
  15. vaccination

Define it: high-yield vocabulary

Write a clear definition in your own words for each term.

  1. Antigen
  2. Helper T cell (CD4+)
  3. Cytotoxic T cell (CD8+)
  4. B cell
  5. Plasma cell
  6. Memory cell
  7. Antibody
  8. MHC class I
  9. MHC class II
  10. Clonal expansion
  11. Primary vs secondary response
  12. Active immunity
  13. Passive immunity

Part 2 of 4 · Anatomy lab

Draw and label

Box A. B cell vs T cell action

Directions

  1. Left half: a B cell encountering a free-floating antigen (e.g., a bacterial toxin). Draw the antigen binding the B cell receptor on the surface. Show the B cell differentiating into a plasma cell (label, with rough ER for antibody synthesis) and a memory B cell. Draw antibodies leaving the plasma cell into the surroundings.
  2. Right half: a cytotoxic T cell (CD8) encountering an infected host cell. The infected cell presents a viral antigen on its surface bound to MHC class I (draw both). The T cell's T-cell receptor (TCR) binds the MHC-I + antigen complex. The T cell releases perforin and granzymes, punching the infected cell and triggering apoptosis. Draw the infected cell dying.
  3. Label B cell, plasma cell, memory B cell, antibody on the left. Label cytotoxic T cell, TCR, MHC I, perforin/granzyme, apoptosis on the right.
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Box B. Antibody structure

Directions

  1. Draw a single antibody molecule as a Y shape.
  2. Show four protein chains: two heavy chains (long) forming the stem and inner arms of the Y, two light chains (short) on the outer arms. Label.
  3. Draw disulfide bonds (small dashes) connecting the chains.
  4. Color or shade the TOPS of the two arms differently from the rest: these are the variable regions where antigen binding happens. Label antigen-binding site (two per antibody).
  5. The rest of the molecule is the constant region. Label.
  6. Below the antibody, draw a small antigen with surface features (epitopes) that fit the antigen-binding sites. Show the antibody-antigen binding.
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Structures to label

Label each on your drawing.

  1. B cell
  2. Plasma cell
  3. Memory B cell
  4. B cell receptor
  5. Antibody
  6. Cytotoxic T cell (CD8)
  7. Helper T cell (CD4)
  8. T cell receptor (TCR)
  9. MHC class I
  10. MHC class II
  11. Perforin
  12. Granzyme
  13. Apoptosis
  14. Heavy chain
  15. Light chain
  16. Variable region
  17. Constant region
  18. Antigen-binding site
  19. Antigen (epitope)

Part 3 of 4 · Physiology lab

Reason it through

A. Primary vs secondary immune response

Explain the main structure-function relationship for this topic.

B. Synthesis

1. Explain how a vaccine works using the primary vs secondary response. Why does a vaccine produce immunity even though no real infection ever occurred?
2. HIV preferentially infects and destroys helper T cells (CD4). Predict the consequences for both the B cell response and the cytotoxic T cell response, and explain why HIV patients eventually develop opportunistic infections (AIDS).
3. Autoimmune disease occurs when adaptive immunity targets self tissues. Pick one autoimmune disease (e.g., Type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, multiple sclerosis). Identify which self tissue is targeted and predict the consequences when adaptive immunity attacks that tissue.

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