BIO 304 . Human Anatomy & Physiology . Week 2

Week 2 Workbook — Tissues & Skin

Days 5 through 8 . Print one packet, work the whole week.

Print this whole packet at the start of the week and use it as you work through the videos and interactive notes for the days listed below. Each day starts on a fresh page so it’s easy to keep them organized.

Day 5 · Epithelial Tissue Classification
Day 6 · Connective Tissues
Day 7 · Muscle & Nervous Tissue Overview
Day 7 · Skin Structure & Layers
Day 8 · Skin Functions & Accessory Structures

Day 5

Epithelial Tissue Classification

BIO 304 . WEEK 2 . MONDAY . LAB WORKBOOK

Epithelial Tissue Classification

Naming epithelia by cell shape and number of layers, plus pseudostratified and transitional.

Print this page. You will draw your own diagrams from the directions below, then hand-label the structures listed. Drawing by hand is the integrity mechanism for this course.

Part 1 of 2

Anatomy Lab

1A. What you will draw

Epithelial tissues are named by two features: how many layers of cells (simple, stratified) and the shape of the surface cells (squamous, cuboidal, columnar). Plus two special cases: pseudostratified (looks layered, isn't) and transitional (changes shape as it stretches). Draw them all.

Box A. The six basic epithelial types (3 by 2 matrix)

Directions

Draw a 3-by-2 grid. Columns are cell shape: Squamous (flat), Cuboidal (square), Columnar (tall). Rows are layers: Simple (one layer), Stratified (many layers).
In each cell of the grid, sketch the tissue. Show the basement membrane as a thin dark line at the bottom.
Inside each sketch, write ONE typical location (e.g., simple squamous: alveoli; simple cuboidal: kidney tubules; simple columnar: small intestine; stratified squamous: skin epidermis; stratified cuboidal: large gland ducts; stratified columnar: rare, parts of male urethra).
Cell nuclei should reflect the shape: round in cuboidal, oval in columnar, flat in squamous.

Draw here. Sketch by hand.

Box B. Pseudostratified and transitional epithelium

Directions

Left half: draw pseudostratified columnar epithelium with cilia at the top. Show cells of different heights all touching the basement membrane. Add nuclei at staggered heights. Label cilia and goblet cells.
Note: only one layer, but appears layered due to nuclei at different heights. Common in the respiratory tract.
Right half: draw transitional epithelium in two states. Left side: empty bladder, cells stacked many layers high, surface cells rounded. Right side: full bladder, fewer apparent layers, surface cells flattened.
Label transitional epithelium and note its location (urinary tract).

Draw here. Sketch by hand.

1C. Structures to label (13)

After you finish each drawing, label every structure below directly on your sketch.

Basement membrane
Simple squamous
Simple cuboidal
Simple columnar
Stratified squamous
Stratified cuboidal
Stratified columnar
Pseudostratified columnar
Transitional
Cilia
Goblet cell
Apical surface
Basal surface

Part 2 of 2

Physiology Lab

2A. Match tissue to location and function

For each location below, identify (a) the epithelial type present, and (b) the function being served by that tissue's specific structure. Write in complete sentences.

1. The wall of the alveolus in the lung.

2. The lining of the kidney tubule.

3. The lining of the small intestine.

4. The outer surface of the skin.

5. The lining of the trachea.

6. The lining of the urinary bladder.

2B. Synthesis questions

Answer each in 2 to 4 sentences. Use the language from this week's lecture and your drawings as evidence.

1. Predict the tissue type you would find lining a surface where rapid diffusion is essential. Justify, and give an example location.

2. Transitional epithelium has the unusual property of changing apparent shape. Explain why this is functionally important in the bladder and what would happen if it were stratified squamous instead.

3. Cigarette smoke damages pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium in the airways. Predict the consequences for mucociliary clearance and explain why a chronic smoker's cough is often productive.

3. What to submit

Complete both the Anatomy Lab (your own drawings, hand-labeled, plus the structures list) and the Physiology Lab (activity and synthesis questions). Photograph or scan every page and upload to Canvas before the deadline listed on the schedule. Hand-drawn, hand-labeled work is the integrity mechanism for this course. Typed or AI-generated diagrams are not accepted.

Day 6

Connective Tissues

BIO 304 . WEEK 2 . TUESDAY . LAB WORKBOOK

Connective Tissues

Cells, fibers, and ground substance across loose, dense, cartilage, bone, and blood.

Print this page. You will draw your own diagrams from the directions below, then hand-label the structures listed. Drawing by hand is the integrity mechanism for this course.

Part 1 of 2

Anatomy Lab

1A. What you will draw

Connective tissues bind, support, and protect. They share a common architecture: cells embedded in an extracellular matrix of fibers and ground substance. The TYPE of fibers and the consistency of the ground substance determine the subtype. Draw the major ones.

Box A. Loose vs dense connective tissue

Directions

Left: draw loose (areolar) connective tissue. Show widely spaced collagen and elastic fibers, with fibroblasts (spindle-shaped cells), adipocytes (large round cells with displaced nucleus), and a macrophage scattered between fibers.
Center: draw dense regular connective tissue (tendon or ligament). Show tightly packed parallel collagen fibers with rows of fibroblasts between them.
Right: draw dense irregular connective tissue (dermis). Show thick collagen fibers in a random meshwork with fibroblasts scattered.
Label fibroblast, adipocyte, macrophage, collagen fiber, elastic fiber.

Draw here. Sketch by hand.

Box B. Cartilage, bone, and blood

Directions

Left: draw hyaline cartilage. Show chondrocytes inside lacunae (small spaces), embedded in a smooth glassy matrix. Note: no visible fibers under light microscopy.
Center: draw a piece of compact bone. Show one osteon: concentric rings (lamellae) around a central canal (Haversian canal). Place osteocytes in lacunae, with canaliculi (small connecting channels) between them.
Right: draw a blood smear. Show many red blood cells (biconcave, no nucleus), one neutrophil (multi-lobed nucleus), one lymphocyte (large round nucleus). The yellow background is plasma (the fluid matrix).
Label chondrocyte, lacuna, osteocyte, osteon, central canal, canaliculus, red blood cell, white blood cell, plasma.

Draw here. Sketch by hand.

1C. Structures to label (17)

After you finish each drawing, label every structure below directly on your sketch.

Fibroblast
Adipocyte
Macrophage
Mast cell
Chondrocyte
Lacuna
Osteocyte
Osteon
Collagen fiber
Elastic fiber
Reticular fiber
Ground substance
Central canal
Canaliculus
Red blood cell
White blood cell
Plasma

Part 2 of 2

Physiology Lab

2A. Match the cell to the tissue and the job

For each connective tissue cell below, name (a) the tissue it is found in, and (b) one specific function it performs in that tissue.

1. Fibroblast

2. Adipocyte

3. Chondrocyte

4. Osteoblast

5. Osteoclast

6. Macrophage

7. Mast cell

2B. Synthesis questions

Answer each in 2 to 4 sentences. Use the language from this week's lecture and your drawings as evidence.

1. A patient tears their anterior cruciate ligament. Describe the connective tissue that was torn (cells, fibers, arrangement). Why does this tissue heal so slowly?

2. Cartilage has no blood vessels (it's avascular). Predict how this affects healing after an injury, and explain why athletes with cartilage damage often face long recoveries.

3. Blood is classified as a connective tissue even though it doesn't 'connect' anything visually. Argue, in two or three sentences, why this classification is defensible based on its architecture.

3. What to submit

Day 7

Muscle & Nervous Tissue Overview

BIO 304 . WEEK 2 . THURSDAY . LAB WORKBOOK

Muscle and Nervous Tissue Overview

Three muscle types and the basic neuron, side by side.

Print this page. You will draw your own diagrams from the directions below, then hand-label the structures listed. Drawing by hand is the integrity mechanism for this course.

Part 1 of 2

Anatomy Lab

1A. What you will draw

Muscle and nervous tissue are the two excitable tissues: both can generate and respond to electrical signals. Today you'll draw all three muscle types side by side, then a neuron in its own panel.

Box A. Three muscle types side by side

Directions

Left: Skeletal muscle. Draw long parallel cylindrical fibers with visible cross-striations. Place several nuclei at the edge of each fiber (multinucleate). Label striated, multinucleate, voluntary.
Center: Cardiac muscle. Draw shorter branched cells with cross-striations. Show one or two central nuclei per cell. Show intercalated discs (thick lines at cell junctions). Label striated, branched, intercalated discs, involuntary.
Right: Smooth muscle. Draw spindle-shaped cells with a single central nucleus. No striations. Label non-striated, single nucleus, involuntary.
Under each, list one typical location: skeletal = limb muscles; cardiac = heart only; smooth = walls of hollow organs, blood vessels.

Draw here. Sketch by hand.

Box B. Basic neuron

Directions

Draw a neuron. Cell body (soma) with nucleus. Several short branched dendrites. One long axon. Axon terminals at the end.
Add a myelin sheath wrapping segments of the axon with gaps (nodes of Ranvier) between segments.
Label cell body, dendrite, axon, myelin sheath, node of Ranvier, axon terminal.
Note next to the neuron: nervous tissue function = generate and conduct electrical signals; muscle tissue function = contract in response to signals.

Draw here. Sketch by hand.

1C. Structures to label (13)

After you finish each drawing, label every structure below directly on your sketch.

Skeletal muscle fiber
Cardiac muscle cell
Smooth muscle cell
Cross-striations
Intercalated disc
Multinucleate
Single central nucleus
Cell body (soma)
Dendrite
Axon
Myelin sheath
Node of Ranvier
Axon terminal

Part 2 of 2

Physiology Lab

2A. Muscle comparison table

Fill in the table below comparing the three muscle types. After the table, answer the follow-up questions.

Property	Skeletal	Cardiac	Smooth
Striated?
Number of nuclei per cell
Voluntary or involuntary?
Branched cells?
Has intercalated discs?
Typical location

Intercalated discs contain gap junctions that allow ions to flow between cardiac cells. Explain why this is functionally critical for the heart.

Both skeletal and cardiac muscle are striated. What does that visible pattern tell us about how they generate force? Why does smooth muscle look different even though it also uses actin and myosin?

2B. Synthesis questions

Answer each in 2 to 4 sentences. Use the language from this week's lecture and your drawings as evidence.

1. Damaged skeletal muscle can be partly replaced by satellite cell activation; damaged cardiac muscle is replaced by scar (non-contractile) tissue. Predict the long-term consequences of a heart attack on cardiac function, and contrast with recovery from a torn skeletal muscle.

2. Smooth muscle is found in the wall of the gut and contracts in slow waves (peristalsis). Predict what happens to digestion in a region of gut where the smooth muscle is damaged.

3. Action potentials in neurons travel at speeds up to 100 meters per second in myelinated axons. Predict what happens to signal speed when myelin is damaged (e.g., multiple sclerosis) and what symptoms might result.

3. What to submit

Day 7

Skin Structure & Layers

BIO 304 . WEEK 2 . THURSDAY . LAB WORKBOOK

Skin Structure and Layers

Epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis: the largest organ of the body.

Print this page. You will draw your own diagrams from the directions below, then hand-label the structures listed. Drawing by hand is the integrity mechanism for this course.

Part 1 of 2

Anatomy Lab

1A. What you will draw

Skin is built from three layers, each with a different tissue and a different job. Today you'll draw it twice: once as a vertical cross-section showing all three layers, and once zoomed in on the epidermal strata.

Box A. Skin in cross-section (three layers)

Directions

Draw a vertical rectangle representing a piece of skin in cross-section. The TOP is the surface; the BOTTOM is deep tissue.
Top third: draw the epidermis. Make it relatively thin. Shade it differently from the layers below.
Middle third: draw the dermis. Inside, sketch one hair follicle (extending from epidermis down into dermis), one sebaceous gland (attached to the hair follicle), one sweat gland (coiled at the deep end of a duct), and a blood vessel.
Bottom third: draw the hypodermis (subcutaneous layer). Show large round adipocytes (fat cells).
Label all three layers and every structure you drew.

Draw here. Sketch by hand.

Box B. Epidermal strata close-up (thick skin)

Directions

Draw a tall vertical rectangle representing the epidermis at high magnification.
From DEEP to SUPERFICIAL, label five strata: Stratum basale, Stratum spinosum, Stratum granulosum, Stratum lucidum (thick skin only), Stratum corneum.
In stratum basale, draw a row of cuboidal cells with mitotic figures (cells dividing).
In stratum spinosum, draw polygonal cells with visible cell junctions (desmosomes).
In stratum granulosum, draw flattening cells with dark granules inside.
In stratum lucidum, draw a thin clear band (transparent).
In stratum corneum, draw many thin flat dead cells stacked, with the topmost ones sloughing off.
On the side, draw an arrow showing the keratinocyte migration: from basale up to corneum, taking 2 to 4 weeks.

Draw here. Sketch by hand.

1C. Structures to label (14)

After you finish each drawing, label every structure below directly on your sketch.

Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis (subcutaneous)
Stratum basale
Stratum spinosum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum corneum
Hair follicle
Sebaceous gland
Sweat gland
Blood vessel
Adipocyte
Keratinocyte

Part 2 of 2

Physiology Lab

2A. Trace a keratinocyte from birth to death

A new keratinocyte is born in the stratum basale by mitosis. Trace its journey to the surface, including what happens at each stratum. List 5 to 7 numbered steps.

2B. Synthesis questions

Answer each in 2 to 4 sentences. Use the language from this week's lecture and your drawings as evidence.

1. A patient has a second-degree burn that extends into the upper dermis. Predict whether this will heal by regeneration or by scarring, and explain why.

2. A patient with extensive third-degree burns (full thickness) loses large patches of skin. Predict the two MOST immediate life-threatening consequences and explain the physiology behind each.

3. Stratum corneum is constantly shed. Calculate roughly how much skin a person sheds in a year if the turnover time is about 4 weeks and the epidermis is about 0.1 mm thick. (You don't need exact numbers; reason in orders of magnitude.)

3. What to submit

Day 8

Skin Functions & Accessory Structures

BIO 304 . WEEK 2 . FRIDAY . LAB WORKBOOK

Skin Functions and Accessory Structures

Hair, glands, nails, and the integrated functions of the integumentary system.

Print this page. You will draw your own diagrams from the directions below, then hand-label the structures listed. Drawing by hand is the integrity mechanism for this course.

Part 1 of 2

Anatomy Lab

1A. What you will draw

Skin is more than a barrier. Today you'll draw the accessory structures that give skin its full range of function: hair follicles, sebaceous glands, two kinds of sweat glands, and nails.

Box A. Hair follicle and associated glands

Directions

Draw a hair follicle in cross-section, extending from the epidermal surface deep into the dermis. The shaft of the hair sticks up above the surface.
Label the hair shaft (above the skin), the hair root (below the surface), the hair bulb (the rounded base, where the hair grows).
Draw a sebaceous gland attached to the side of the follicle, with its duct opening into the follicle. Label.
Draw the arrector pili muscle: a thin smooth muscle attached at an angle from the follicle to the underside of the epidermis. Label.
Note: when arrector pili contracts, the hair stands up (goosebumps) and a small amount of sebum is squeezed from the gland.

Draw here. Sketch by hand.

Box B. Sweat glands and nail

Directions

Left half: draw two sweat glands side by side, each deep in the dermis with a duct rising to the surface.
Label the eccrine sweat gland (smaller, opens directly onto skin surface, found over most of the body) and the apocrine sweat gland (larger, opens into a hair follicle, found in axillae and groin).
Right half: draw a nail in side view. Show the nail plate (the visible nail), the nail bed (skin beneath the nail), the nail root (under the proximal skin fold), and the lunula (white half-moon at the base).
Label every structure.

Draw here. Sketch by hand.

1C. Structures to label (12)

After you finish each drawing, label every structure below directly on your sketch.

Hair shaft
Hair root
Hair bulb
Hair follicle
Sebaceous gland
Arrector pili muscle
Eccrine sweat gland
Apocrine sweat gland
Nail plate
Nail bed
Nail root
Lunula

Part 2 of 2

Physiology Lab

2A. Trace: cold exposure to warming response

A person steps outside into freezing air. Trace the integumentary system's response in numbered steps. Include receptors, control center, and effectors from this week. Aim for 6 to 8 steps.

2B. Synthesis questions

Answer each in 2 to 4 sentences. Use the language from this week's lecture and your drawings as evidence.

1. Eccrine sweat is mostly water and electrolytes. Apocrine sweat is rich in lipids and proteins. Predict (a) which type contributes most to body cooling during exercise, and (b) which is responsible for body odor when bacteria are present. Justify each.

2. A burn patient loses large patches of skin. Beyond fluid loss and infection risk, predict the consequences for thermoregulation in a cool hospital room, and explain why blankets and warmed IV fluids are routine in burn care.

3. Sebaceous glands secrete sebum, an oily mixture. People with acne often have overactive sebaceous glands. Explain mechanistically why blocked sebaceous ducts plus bacterial colonization produce inflamed pimples.