BIO 304 . Human Anatomy & Physiology . Week 3

Week 3 Workbook — Skeletal System

Days 9 through 12 . Print one packet, work the whole week.

Print this whole packet at the start of the week and use it as you work through the videos and interactive notes for the days listed below. Each day starts on a fresh page so it’s easy to keep them organized.

Day 9 · Bone Tissue & Bone Growth
Day 10 · Axial Skeleton
Day 11 · Appendicular Skeleton
Day 12 · Joints & Body Movements

Day 9

Bone Tissue & Bone Growth

BIO 304 . WEEK 3 . MONDAY . LAB WORKBOOK

Bone Tissue and Bone Growth

From bone cells to whole bones: how the skeleton is built and remodeled.

Print this page. You will draw your own diagrams from the directions below, then hand-label the structures listed. Drawing by hand is the integrity mechanism for this course.

Part 1 of 2

Anatomy Lab

1A. What you will draw

Bone is dynamic: it is built, broken down, and remodeled throughout life by specific cell types. Today you'll draw a long bone in gross anatomy, then zoom in to a single osteon.

Box A. Long bone gross anatomy

Directions

Draw a long bone (e.g., humerus) in side view, with bulged ends and a slim middle.
Label diaphysis (shaft), epiphysis (each rounded end), metaphysis (region between).
Show the epiphyseal plate (growth plate) as a thin horizontal line within each metaphysis, present in a growing bone.
Inside the diaphysis, show the medullary cavity (hollow center). Label.
Show compact bone (dense outer wall) and spongy bone (trabecular meshwork inside the epiphyses). Label.
Wrap the outside of the diaphysis with the periosteum (thin membrane). Wrap the inside with the endosteum. Label.
Add articular cartilage at the very tips of the epiphyses. Label.

Draw here. Sketch by hand.

Box B. Osteon (Haversian system) close-up

Directions

Draw a large circle representing one osteon in cross-section.
Inside, draw concentric rings (concentric lamellae) around a small central circle.
Label the central canal (Haversian canal) in the center; it carries a blood vessel and nerve.
Between the lamellae, draw small lens-shaped spaces (lacunae) containing osteocytes (label).
Connect lacunae with thin lines (canaliculi). Label.
Beside the osteon, draw a perforating canal (Volkmann's canal) connecting central canals laterally. Label.

Draw here. Sketch by hand.

1C. Structures to label (17)

After you finish each drawing, label every structure below directly on your sketch.

Diaphysis
Epiphysis
Metaphysis
Epiphyseal plate
Medullary cavity
Compact bone
Spongy bone
Periosteum
Endosteum
Articular cartilage
Osteon
Concentric lamellae
Central canal
Osteocyte
Lacuna
Canaliculus
Volkmann's canal

Part 2 of 2

Physiology Lab

2A. Match the cell to its action

Bone has four key cell types. For each action below, name the cell responsible AND state whether the action builds, breaks down, or maintains bone.

1. Lays down new bone matrix.

2. Resorbs old bone, releasing calcium into the blood.

3. Maintains bone tissue from within a lacuna, sensing mechanical stress.

4. Differentiates into new bone-building cells when bone is injured.

5. Increases activity in response to parathyroid hormone, raising blood calcium.

6. Decreases activity in response to calcitonin, allowing blood calcium to fall.

2B. Synthesis questions

Answer each in 2 to 4 sentences. Use the language from this week's lecture and your drawings as evidence.

1. A teenager fractures the epiphyseal plate of the femur. Predict the long-term consequence and explain the mechanism behind it.

2. An elderly patient with osteoporosis has lost bone mass over decades. Identify which cell types are over- or under-active in osteoporosis, and explain why bisphosphonate drugs work by targeting one of them.

3. Blood calcium is tightly regulated around 10 mg/dL. Sketch a brief feedback loop showing what happens when blood calcium DROPS: which hormone is released, which cell type it activates, and how blood calcium returns to setpoint.

3. What to submit

Complete both the Anatomy Lab (your own drawings, hand-labeled, plus the structures list) and the Physiology Lab (activity and synthesis questions). Photograph or scan every page and upload to Canvas before the deadline listed on the schedule. Hand-drawn, hand-labeled work is the integrity mechanism for this course. Typed or AI-generated diagrams are not accepted.

Day 10

Axial Skeleton

BIO 304 . WEEK 3 . TUESDAY . LAB WORKBOOK

Axial Skeleton

Skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum: the body's central pillar.

Print this page. You will draw your own diagrams from the directions below, then hand-label the structures listed. Drawing by hand is the integrity mechanism for this course.

Part 1 of 2

Anatomy Lab

1A. What you will draw

The axial skeleton supports the head and trunk and protects the brain, spinal cord, and thoracic organs. Today you'll draw the vertebral column with its regions, then the rib cage with the sternum.

Box A. Vertebral column (lateral view)

Directions

Draw the vertebral column from the side. Show it curving (the natural S-curve of the spine).
Label the four regions from top to bottom: Cervical (7 vertebrae), Thoracic (12), Lumbar (5), Sacral (5 fused), Coccygeal (3 to 4 fused).
Mark each region with its vertebra count.
Add the primary curves (thoracic, sacral, concave anteriorly) and secondary curves (cervical, lumbar, convex anteriorly).
Below the drawing, label C1 (atlas, supports head, allows yes nod) and C2 (axis, with the odontoid process, allows no rotation).

Draw here. Sketch by hand.

Box B. Thoracic cage

Directions

Draw the thoracic cage in anterior view: the sternum down the middle, 12 pairs of ribs curving around to the back.
Label the sternum and its three parts: manubrium (top), body, xiphoid process (bottom).
Label the costal cartilages connecting ribs to the sternum.
Identify rib categories with color or labels: True ribs (1 to 7, attach directly via own costal cartilage), False ribs (8 to 10, attach indirectly to costal cartilage of rib 7), Floating ribs (11 to 12, no anterior attachment).

Draw here. Sketch by hand.

1C. Structures to label (15)

After you finish each drawing, label every structure below directly on your sketch.

Cervical vertebrae (7)
Thoracic vertebrae (12)
Lumbar vertebrae (5)
Sacrum
Coccyx
Atlas (C1)
Axis (C2)
Odontoid process (dens)
Manubrium
Sternal body
Xiphoid process
Costal cartilage
True ribs
False ribs
Floating ribs

Part 2 of 2

Physiology Lab

2A. Structure-function reasoning

For each axial-skeleton feature below, name what it allows the body to do, and explain why the structure suits that function.

1. The foramen magnum at the base of the skull.

2. The vertebral foramen running the length of every vertebra.

3. The intervertebral discs between adjacent vertebrae.

4. The articulation between the atlas (C1) and the occipital bone.

5. The articulation between the atlas (C1) and the axis (C2).

6. The flexibility of the costal cartilages connecting ribs to sternum.

2B. Synthesis questions

Answer each in 2 to 4 sentences. Use the language from this week's lecture and your drawings as evidence.

1. A car accident causes a hyperextension injury (head snaps backward). Which axial structure is at highest risk, and what neurological consequence is most dangerous if that structure is damaged?

2. A patient has a herniated lumbar disc pressing on a spinal nerve root. Predict the symptoms (motor, sensory, reflexes) and explain why disc herniation is more common in the lumbar region than the thoracic region.

3. Breathing involves the rib cage expanding and contracting. Explain how the costal cartilages and the rib articulations work together to make this possible, and predict what would happen if the costal cartilages ossified (turned to bone).

3. What to submit

Day 11

Appendicular Skeleton

BIO 304 . WEEK 3 . THURSDAY . LAB WORKBOOK

Appendicular Skeleton

Pectoral and pelvic girdles, plus the upper and lower limb bones.

Print this page. You will draw your own diagrams from the directions below, then hand-label the structures listed. Drawing by hand is the integrity mechanism for this course.

Part 1 of 2

Anatomy Lab

1A. What you will draw

The appendicular skeleton hangs off the axial skeleton via the pectoral and pelvic girdles. Today you'll draw the upper limb and the lower limb, each with its girdle.

Box A. Upper limb (right side, anterior view)

Directions

Draw a right shoulder, arm, forearm, and hand in anterior view.
Pectoral girdle: clavicle (collarbone, horizontal across the top) and scapula (shoulder blade, behind, mostly hidden in anterior view but indicate its position).
Arm: humerus (single long bone from shoulder to elbow).
Forearm: radius (lateral, thumb side) and ulna (medial, pinky side). Show that the radius and ulna can rotate around each other (pronation/supination).
Wrist and hand: 8 carpals (sketch as a cluster), 5 metacarpals (palm), 14 phalanges (3 in each finger, 2 in the thumb).
Label every bone group.

Draw here. Sketch by hand.

Box B. Lower limb (right side, anterior view)

Directions

Draw a right hip, thigh, leg, and foot in anterior view.
Pelvic girdle: ilium, ischium, and pubis fused into one hip bone (coxal bone). Label all three regions.
Thigh: femur (single long bone, the longest in the body). Show the femoral head fitting into the acetabulum (hip socket) and the femoral neck (a common fracture site in elderly patients).
Show the patella (kneecap) in front of the knee.
Leg: tibia (medial, weight-bearing, shin bone) and fibula (lateral, thinner, non-weight-bearing).
Ankle and foot: 7 tarsals (cluster), 5 metatarsals (foot arch), 14 phalanges (toes).
Label every bone group, plus the femoral head, femoral neck, and acetabulum specifically.

Draw here. Sketch by hand.

1C. Structures to label (21)

After you finish each drawing, label every structure below directly on your sketch.

Clavicle
Scapula
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges (hand)
Ilium
Ischium
Pubis
Acetabulum
Femur
Femoral head
Femoral neck
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges (foot)

Part 2 of 2

Physiology Lab

2A. Name that bone

For each position description below, name the bone. Be specific: include side (left vs right) and exact bone name.

1. The bone on the thumb side of the forearm.

2. The bone between the elbow and the shoulder.

3. The medial bone of the lower leg, which bears most of the body's weight.

4. The kneecap, a sesamoid bone embedded in the patellar tendon.

5. The fused hip bones that together form the pelvic girdle.

6. The bone of the foot that articulates with the tibia and fibula at the ankle joint (talus).

7. The proximal phalanx of the great toe (hallux).

2B. Synthesis questions

Answer each in 2 to 4 sentences. Use the language from this week's lecture and your drawings as evidence.

1. An elderly patient falls and is diagnosed with a 'hip fracture.' Anatomically, the fracture is usually NOT at the pelvic bone itself. Where is it most commonly located, and why is this site particularly vulnerable?

2. A child falls and lands on their outstretched hand. The clavicle is the most commonly fractured bone in this scenario in children. Explain the mechanical reason why force from the hand transmits to the clavicle.

3. Compare the pectoral girdle to the pelvic girdle: which is more mobile, and which is more stable? Justify with two anatomical features, and predict which one is more often injured.

3. What to submit

Day 12

Joints & Body Movements

BIO 304 . WEEK 3 . FRIDAY . LAB WORKBOOK

Joints and Body Movements

Synovial joint types and the movements they allow.

Print this page. You will draw your own diagrams from the directions below, then hand-label the structures listed. Drawing by hand is the integrity mechanism for this course.

Part 1 of 2

Anatomy Lab

1A. What you will draw

Synovial joints are the freely movable joints of the body. Six structural types, each allowing a specific range of motion. Today you'll draw all six, then sketch the body movements they enable.

Box A. Six types of synovial joints

Directions

Draw 6 small sketches, one for each synovial joint type. For each, draw two articulating bones with their joint surfaces and label the joint type and one body example.
Plane (gliding) joint: flat-on-flat surfaces. Example: intercarpal joints.
Hinge joint: rounded on cylindrical. Example: elbow.
Pivot joint: rounded peg in ring. Example: proximal radioulnar joint (allows pronation/supination); atlas-axis (no rotation).
Condyloid (ellipsoidal): oval-shaped condyle in oval socket. Example: radiocarpal joint (wrist).
Saddle joint: saddle shapes on each bone, interlocking. Example: thumb carpometacarpal.
Ball-and-socket: spherical head in cup-shaped socket. Example: shoulder, hip.

Draw here. Sketch by hand.

Box B. Body movements

Directions

Draw 8 small stick-figure pictograms, each showing one body movement. Label each.
Flexion (decreasing angle, e.g., bending the elbow).
Extension (increasing angle, e.g., straightening the elbow).
Abduction (moving away from midline, e.g., raising arm to the side).
Adduction (moving toward midline, e.g., lowering arm to side).
Rotation (turning around a long axis, e.g., turning the head side to side).
Circumduction (cone-shaped movement, e.g., big arm circles).
Pronation (palm faces down) and Supination (palm faces up) at the forearm.
Dorsiflexion (foot up toward shin) and Plantarflexion (foot down, point toes).

Draw here. Sketch by hand.

1C. Structures to label (16)

After you finish each drawing, label every structure below directly on your sketch.

Plane joint
Hinge joint
Pivot joint
Condyloid joint
Saddle joint
Ball-and-socket joint
Flexion
Extension
Abduction
Adduction
Rotation
Circumduction
Pronation
Supination
Dorsiflexion
Plantarflexion

Part 2 of 2

Physiology Lab

2A. Match the joint type to the motion

For each body motion below, identify (a) the joint where it happens and (b) the structural joint type that allows it.

1. Bending the knee while sitting.

2. Raising the arm overhead to the side.

3. Rotating the forearm so the palm faces up (supination).

4. Touching your thumb to your pinky finger.

5. Nodding your head yes.

6. Shaking your head no.

7. Pointing your toes (plantarflexion).

2B. Synthesis questions

Answer each in 2 to 4 sentences. Use the language from this week's lecture and your drawings as evidence.

1. Compare the shoulder and the hip joints. Both are ball-and-socket. Explain in two or three sentences why the shoulder is more mobile but more prone to dislocation, while the hip is more stable but less mobile.

2. A patient cannot rotate their forearm so the palm faces up. Which joint is most likely impaired, and what is its structural type? Predict one daily activity this patient would find difficult.

3. Sketch the difference between flexion and extension at three different joints (elbow, knee, neck). Explain why 'flexion' at the neck looks different from flexion at the elbow even though the term is the same.