BIO 304 . Human Anatomy & Physiology . Week 6

Week 6 Workbook — Blood & Cardiovascular

Days 21 through 24 . Print one packet, work the whole week.

Print this whole packet at the start of the week and use it as you work through the videos and interactive notes for the days listed below. Each day starts on a fresh page so it’s easy to keep them organized.

Day 21 · Blood Composition & Hemopoiesis
Day 21 · Hemostasis & Blood Typing
Day 22 · Heart Anatomy & the Cardiac Cycle
Day 23 · Cardiac Conduction System
Day 24 · Blood Vessels & Hemodynamics

Day 21

Blood Composition & Hemopoiesis

BIO 304 . WEEK 6 . MONDAY . LAB WORKBOOK

Blood Composition and Hemopoiesis

Plasma, erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, and where all of them come from.

Print this page. You will draw your own diagrams from the directions below, then hand-label the structures listed. Drawing by hand is the integrity mechanism for this course.

Part 1 of 2

Anatomy Lab

1A. What you will draw

Blood is a connective tissue with cells suspended in a fluid matrix (plasma). Today you'll draw a blood smear with all the cell types, then a hemopoiesis tree showing where each cell comes from.

Box A. Blood smear

Directions

Draw a blood smear field as if seen through a microscope: lots of small biconcave discs and a few larger nucleated cells.
Draw many red blood cells (erythrocytes): small, round, biconcave (pale center), no nucleus. Label.
Draw one neutrophil: a leukocyte with a multi-lobed nucleus (3 to 5 lobes) connected by thin strands. Most common WBC. Label.
Draw one lymphocyte: a leukocyte with a large round dark nucleus filling most of the cell, very thin rim of cytoplasm. Label.
Draw one monocyte: a leukocyte with a kidney-shaped or horseshoe-shaped nucleus, larger than the others. Label.
Draw one eosinophil: a leukocyte with a bilobed nucleus and pink-red cytoplasmic granules. Label.
Draw a few platelets (thrombocytes): tiny irregular cell fragments, no nucleus. Label.
In the background, write Plasma (the yellow fluid between cells, about 55% of blood volume). Label.

Draw here. Sketch by hand.

Box B. Hemopoiesis tree

Directions

Draw a tree diagram starting at the top with a single cell: the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) in red bone marrow.
Branch downward into two paths: myeloid lineage (left) and lymphoid lineage (right).
Myeloid lineage produces: erythrocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes (which become macrophages), and platelets (from megakaryocytes).
Lymphoid lineage produces: B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells.
Draw arrows pointing down at each branch. Label every cell type.
At the bottom of the tree, list which cell types END UP IN BLOOD vs which migrate elsewhere (e.g., T cells mature in the thymus, not in marrow).

Draw here. Sketch by hand.

1C. Structures to label (16)

After you finish each drawing, label every structure below directly on your sketch.

Red blood cell (erythrocyte)
Plasma
Neutrophil
Lymphocyte
Monocyte
Eosinophil
Basophil
Platelet (thrombocyte)
Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)
Myeloid lineage
Lymphoid lineage
Megakaryocyte
Macrophage
B lymphocyte
T lymphocyte
Natural killer cell

Part 2 of 2

Physiology Lab

2A. Match the cell to its job

For each function below, name the blood cell type responsible. Be specific where possible.

1. Carries oxygen from lungs to tissues using hemoglobin.

2. First responder to a bacterial infection; phagocytoses bacteria.

3. Long-term, antibody-based immune response.

4. Direct cell-mediated immunity, including killing virus-infected cells.

5. Fights parasitic infections and modulates allergic responses.

6. Releases histamine in allergic and inflammatory responses.

7. Becomes a tissue macrophage after leaving the bloodstream.

8. Forms the initial platelet plug at a site of vascular injury.

2B. Synthesis questions

Answer each in 2 to 4 sentences. Use the language from this week's lecture and your drawings as evidence.

1. Anemia is a deficiency of functional erythrocytes or hemoglobin. Predict the patient's symptoms (energy, exertion tolerance, skin color, heart rate) and explain why each occurs in terms of oxygen delivery.

2. Leukemia is a cancer of white blood cell precursors in the bone marrow. The marrow produces many non-functional cells, crowding out normal hemopoiesis. Predict consequences across all three blood cell lineages and explain why patients become both immunocompromised AND anemic AND prone to bleeding.

3. An athlete moves to high altitude (lower oxygen). Within weeks, their hematocrit (proportion of red cells) rises. Explain the mechanism, including which hormone signals this change and which organ produces it.

3. What to submit

Complete both the Anatomy Lab (your own drawings, hand-labeled, plus the structures list) and the Physiology Lab (activity and synthesis questions). Photograph or scan every page and upload to Canvas before the deadline listed on the schedule. Hand-drawn, hand-labeled work is the integrity mechanism for this course. Typed or AI-generated diagrams are not accepted.

Day 21

Hemostasis & Blood Typing

BIO 304 . WEEK 6 . MONDAY . LAB WORKBOOK

Hemostasis and Blood Typing

How bleeding stops, and why blood types matter for transfusion.

Print this page. You will draw your own diagrams from the directions below, then hand-label the structures listed. Drawing by hand is the integrity mechanism for this course.

Part 1 of 2

Anatomy Lab

1A. What you will draw

Two clinically important topics today. Hemostasis is the three-step process that stops bleeding after vascular injury. Blood typing determines which transfusions are safe.

Box A. The three steps of hemostasis

Directions

Draw a cut blood vessel in cross-section. Show blood escaping.
Step 1: Vascular spasm. Draw the vessel constricting at the injury site (smaller diameter). Label.
Step 2: Platelet plug formation. Draw platelets adhering to exposed collagen at the injury, sticking to each other and forming a soft plug. Label.
Step 3: Coagulation. Draw a meshwork of fibrin strands trapping platelets and red blood cells. The platelet plug is now reinforced into a stable clot. Label fibrin, clot.
Below the drawing, write a one-sentence summary of what triggers each step.

Draw here. Sketch by hand.

Box B. ABO blood typing matrix

Directions

Draw a 4-by-3 table.
Rows: blood types A, B, AB, O.
Columns: antigens present on RBC, antibodies in plasma, can give blood to, can receive blood from.
Fill in each cell for each blood type.
Examples: Type A has A antigens on RBCs, anti-B antibodies in plasma, can give to A and AB, can receive from A and O.
Note Type O is the universal donor (no antigens) and Type AB is the universal recipient (no antibodies).
Below the matrix, add Rh: Rh-positive has Rh antigen on RBCs; Rh-negative does not. Anti-Rh antibodies only develop after exposure.

Draw here. Sketch by hand.

1C. Structures to label (17)

After you finish each drawing, label every structure below directly on your sketch.

Vascular spasm
Platelet plug
Fibrin
Clot
Coagulation cascade
Collagen (exposed)
Type A
Type B
Type AB
Type O
A antigen
B antigen
Anti-A antibody
Anti-B antibody
Rh antigen
Universal donor (O-negative)
Universal recipient (AB-positive)

Part 2 of 2

Physiology Lab

2A. Transfusion compatibility

For each patient-donor pair below, determine if the transfusion is SAFE or DANGEROUS, and explain in one sentence why.

1. Donor type A blood given to a type B recipient.

2. Donor type O blood given to a type AB recipient.

3. Donor type AB blood given to a type O recipient.

4. Donor Rh-positive blood given to an Rh-negative recipient who has never been transfused before.

5. Donor Rh-positive blood given to an Rh-negative recipient who has already received Rh-positive blood once before.

6. Donor type O-negative blood given to a type B-positive recipient.

2B. Synthesis questions

Answer each in 2 to 4 sentences. Use the language from this week's lecture and your drawings as evidence.

1. Hemophilia A is a deficiency of clotting factor VIII. Walk through hemostasis and explain which step fails, while pointing out which steps are still intact. Why do patients still form initial platelet plugs?

2. Warfarin (Coumadin) is a common anticoagulant. It blocks the synthesis of vitamin-K-dependent clotting factors. Predict the effect on hemostasis at low and high doses, and explain why patients on warfarin need regular blood tests to monitor clotting time.

3. An Rh-negative woman has her first child with an Rh-positive man. The first pregnancy is usually fine, but the second can be dangerous. Explain mechanistically what happens between pregnancies and why Rh immunoglobulin (RhoGAM) is given to prevent this complication.

3. What to submit

Day 22

Heart Anatomy & the Cardiac Cycle

BIO 304 . WEEK 6 . TUESDAY . LAB WORKBOOK

Heart Anatomy and the Cardiac Cycle

Four chambers, four valves, two circuits, and the rhythm of systole and diastole.

Print this page. You will draw your own diagrams from the directions below, then hand-label the structures listed. Drawing by hand is the integrity mechanism for this course.

Part 1 of 2

Anatomy Lab

1A. What you will draw

The heart is two pumps in one organ: the right side serves the pulmonary circuit (to lungs), the left side serves the systemic circuit (to body). Today you'll draw the heart in frontal section, then walk through one cardiac cycle.

Box A. Heart in frontal section

Directions

Draw the heart with the apex pointing down and to the patient's left. Show four chambers separated by septa.
Top right: right atrium (RA). Top left: left atrium (LA). Bottom right: right ventricle (RV). Bottom left: left ventricle (LV). Label each.
Show the four valves: tricuspid (between RA and RV), pulmonary (between RV and pulmonary trunk), mitral or bicuspid (between LA and LV), aortic (between LV and aorta). Label each valve with arrows showing one-way flow.
Show the great vessels: superior vena cava + inferior vena cava draining into RA; pulmonary trunk leaving RV (to lungs); pulmonary veins entering LA (from lungs); aorta leaving LV.
Add arrows tracing blood flow: deoxygenated blood enters RA, through tricuspid into RV, out pulmonary to lungs; oxygenated blood returns to LA, through mitral into LV, out aorta to body.
Note: the LV wall is thicker than the RV wall. Show this with a thicker line. Label myocardium.

Draw here. Sketch by hand.

Box B. The cardiac cycle (one beat)

Directions

Draw two heart silhouettes side by side, both showing all four chambers.
Left silhouette: DIASTOLE (ventricles relaxed). Show atria contracting and pushing blood into ventricles. Tricuspid and mitral valves OPEN. Pulmonary and aortic valves CLOSED.
Right silhouette: SYSTOLE (ventricles contracted). Show ventricles squeezing blood out to lungs and body. Tricuspid and mitral valves CLOSED. Pulmonary and aortic valves OPEN.
Below the silhouettes, draw a pressure-time graph. Show LV pressure rising sharply during systole, falling during diastole. Show aortic pressure following LV during systole, holding higher during diastole (because of valve closure).
Label end-diastolic volume (EDV, max ventricle volume), end-systolic volume (ESV, min volume after contraction), and stroke volume (SV = EDV minus ESV).
Note: the heart sounds 'lub-dub' correspond to valve closure: lub = AV valves close at start of systole; dub = semilunar valves close at start of diastole.

Draw here. Sketch by hand.

1C. Structures to label (20)

After you finish each drawing, label every structure below directly on your sketch.

Right atrium
Left atrium
Right ventricle
Left ventricle
Tricuspid valve
Mitral (bicuspid) valve
Pulmonary semilunar valve
Aortic semilunar valve
Superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava
Pulmonary trunk
Pulmonary veins
Aorta
Interventricular septum
Myocardium
Systole
Diastole
End-diastolic volume (EDV)
End-systolic volume (ESV)
Stroke volume

Part 2 of 2

Physiology Lab

2A. Trace one drop of blood from RA to body

Trace one drop of blood starting in the right atrium until it reaches the systemic capillaries delivering oxygen to body tissues. List every chamber, valve, and vessel it passes through, in order. Aim for 10 to 12 steps.

2B. Synthesis questions

Answer each in 2 to 4 sentences. Use the language from this week's lecture and your drawings as evidence.

1. A patient has mitral valve regurgitation (the mitral valve doesn't close fully). Predict the effect on blood flow during left ventricular systole, and predict the symptom the patient most often reports.

2. A myocardial infarction (heart attack) damages the LV wall. Predict the effect on stroke volume, ejection fraction, and the patient's exercise tolerance. Why does LV damage cause backup of blood into the lungs (pulmonary congestion)?

3. The LV wall is much thicker than the RV wall. Explain why this difference exists, in terms of the pressure the LV must generate vs the RV. What changes in the RV wall when chronic pulmonary hypertension develops?

3. What to submit

Day 23

Cardiac Conduction System

BIO 304 . WEEK 6 . THURSDAY . LAB WORKBOOK

Cardiac Conduction System

The intrinsic pacemaker, signal propagation, and how the ECG reads it all.

Print this page. You will draw your own diagrams from the directions below, then hand-label the structures listed. Drawing by hand is the integrity mechanism for this course.

Part 1 of 2

Anatomy Lab

1A. What you will draw

The heart's rhythm is set by specialized cardiac cells, not by nerves from the brain. Today you'll draw the conduction pathway through the heart, then a normal ECG with its named waves.

Box A. Conduction pathway

Directions

Draw a heart silhouette with all four chambers.
At the top of the right atrium, draw a small oval: the SA node (sinoatrial node). Label. Note: the natural pacemaker, fires at 60 to 100 bpm.
Show the signal spreading across both atria (small arrows), causing them to contract.
At the junction of atria and ventricles (in the interatrial septum, near the tricuspid valve), draw the AV node (atrioventricular node). Label. Note: delays the signal by about 0.1 second to let atria empty.
From the AV node, draw the bundle of His (AV bundle) descending through the interventricular septum. Label.
Split into right and left bundle branches.
End in the Purkinje fibers spreading throughout the ventricular walls. Label.
Add arrows showing the direction of signal flow: SA node, atria, AV node, bundle of His, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers, ventricles contract.

Draw here. Sketch by hand.

Box B. Normal ECG

Directions

Draw a single normal ECG cycle (one heartbeat). x-axis is time, y-axis is voltage.
Start with a flat baseline. Draw a small upward bump: the P wave. Label.
After P, a brief flat segment (PR segment), then a tall sharp downward-upward-downward complex: the QRS complex. Label Q, R, S.
After QRS, another flat segment (ST segment), then a smaller rounded upward bump: the T wave. Label.
Annotate what each wave represents: P = atrial depolarization (atria contract); QRS = ventricular depolarization (ventricles contract); T = ventricular repolarization (ventricles relax).
Note: atrial repolarization is hidden inside the QRS complex.

Draw here. Sketch by hand.

1C. Structures to label (14)

After you finish each drawing, label every structure below directly on your sketch.

SA (sinoatrial) node
AV (atrioventricular) node
Bundle of His
Right bundle branch
Left bundle branch
Purkinje fibers
P wave
QRS complex
T wave
PR interval
ST segment
Atrial depolarization
Ventricular depolarization
Ventricular repolarization

Part 2 of 2

Physiology Lab

2A. Match ECG component to electrical event

For each ECG feature below, identify the electrical event AND the mechanical event that corresponds to it.

1. The P wave.

2. The PR interval.

3. The QRS complex.

4. The ST segment.

5. The T wave.

6. A flat line between heartbeats (the baseline).

2B. Synthesis questions

Answer each in 2 to 4 sentences. Use the language from this week's lecture and your drawings as evidence.

1. A patient is in third-degree (complete) heart block: the atria fire normally, but the signal does not pass through the AV node to the ventricles. The ventricles develop their own slower rhythm. Predict the ECG pattern (relationship between P waves and QRS complexes), and predict the heart rate and the patient's symptoms.

2. Atrial fibrillation: the atria depolarize chaotically at 400+ times per minute. The AV node filters most of these signals. Predict (a) what happens to the P wave on the ECG, (b) the regularity of QRS complexes, and (c) why patients are at high risk for stroke.

3. Ventricular fibrillation: ventricles depolarize chaotically. Unlike atrial fibrillation, this is a cardiac emergency. Explain mechanistically why V-fib is immediately life-threatening but A-fib is not, and why a defibrillator works to reset the heart.

3. What to submit

Day 24

Blood Vessels & Hemodynamics

BIO 304 . WEEK 6 . FRIDAY . LAB WORKBOOK

Blood Vessels and Hemodynamics

Arteries, veins, capillaries, and the physics of blood pressure and flow.

Print this page. You will draw your own diagrams from the directions below, then hand-label the structures listed. Drawing by hand is the integrity mechanism for this course.

Part 1 of 2

Anatomy Lab

1A. What you will draw

Blood vessels are not just pipes. Each type has structural features tuned to a specific job. Today you'll draw the three vessel types in cross-section, then a capillary bed in action.

Box A. Artery, vein, and capillary in cross-section

Directions

Draw three round vessels side by side: an artery (left), a vein (middle), and a capillary (right). Make them the right relative sizes (capillary is much smaller).
Artery: thick wall with three layers. Innermost: tunica intima (endothelium). Middle: tunica media (thick smooth muscle and elastic fibers, this is what makes arteries elastic). Outermost: tunica externa (connective tissue). Lumen is small relative to wall thickness.
Vein: thinner wall, also with three layers but tunica media is much thinner. Larger lumen relative to wall. Show one-way valves inside the vein (small flaps).
Capillary: very thin wall, just a single layer of endothelium plus a basement membrane. Lumen barely bigger than a single red blood cell.
Label all three tunica layers in the artery and vein; label endothelium and basement membrane in the capillary.

Draw here. Sketch by hand.

Box B. Capillary bed

Directions

Draw an arteriole entering from the left and branching into a meshwork of capillaries. The capillaries reunite into a venule that exits to the right.
Label arteriole, capillaries, venule.
At the arteriole-capillary junction, draw small smooth muscle rings: precapillary sphincters. Label.
Note: precapillary sphincters open or close to direct blood flow into or away from this capillary bed depending on tissue need.
In the surrounding tissue, draw 4 to 6 cells. Show arrows of oxygen and nutrients leaving the capillaries to enter the cells, and arrows of carbon dioxide and waste leaving the cells to enter the capillaries.

Draw here. Sketch by hand.

1C. Structures to label (12)

After you finish each drawing, label every structure below directly on your sketch.

Tunica intima
Tunica media
Tunica externa
Endothelium
Basement membrane
Smooth muscle
Elastic fibers
Vein valves
Arteriole
Capillary
Venule
Precapillary sphincter

Part 2 of 2

Physiology Lab

2A. Blood pressure relationships

Use the relationship BP equals cardiac output (CO) times total peripheral resistance (TPR). Answer each question. Show short work where math or reasoning is helpful.

1. If cardiac output increases by 20 percent and peripheral resistance stays the same, what happens to blood pressure?

2. If a patient's peripheral resistance drops by half (e.g., during septic shock vasodilation) and cardiac output stays constant, what happens to blood pressure?

3. Cardiac output equals heart rate times stroke volume. If heart rate is 70 bpm and stroke volume is 70 mL, what is the cardiac output in liters per minute?

4. Predict what happens to mean arterial pressure when a person stands up quickly from lying down (consider gravity and venous return).

5. Explain mechanistically why having one-way valves in veins matters for venous return, especially in the lower limbs.

6. Capillaries are the site of all exchange between blood and tissues. Explain why capillary walls are so thin and why blood flow through capillaries is slow.

2B. Synthesis questions

Answer each in 2 to 4 sentences. Use the language from this week's lecture and your drawings as evidence.

1. A patient has chronic hypertension (sustained high blood pressure). Predict the long-term changes in the arterial wall structure, and explain why hypertension increases the risk of stroke, heart attack, and kidney damage.

2. Varicose veins are dilated, twisted veins, typically in the legs. Explain mechanistically what fails (which structural feature), and why varicose veins are more common in people who stand for long periods.

3. A patient goes into septic shock: massive systemic vasodilation drops their blood pressure dangerously low. Use the BP equation to explain what is changing and why, then predict the body's compensatory responses (heart rate, sympathetic activity, ADH release).