Human A&PBIO 304 · American River College ← Week 06 pre-work

BIO 304 · Week 06 · Interactive Workbook

Blood Vessels & Hemodynamics

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Part 1 of 4 · Recall

Fill in the blanks

Type the term that completes each statement, using the word bank. Pull it from memory first.

Word bank

Respiratory pumpContinuousBaroreceptorsRequired MAPOncotic pressure (OP)Tunica intimaResistanceNet reabsorption at venular endDiastolicSinusoidalLarger lumenADHLow plasma OPArteriolesTunica externa

  1. endothelium + thin connective tissue; smooth inner surface
  2. connective tissue; anchors vessel; thickest in veins
  3. small; smooth muscle controls diameter; principal site of resistance
  4. tight; most tissues (muscle, skin)
  5. gaps; liver, spleen, bone marrow
  6. holds more blood (60-70% of total blood volume)
  7. thoracic pressure changes aid venous return
  8. minimum pressure during diastole (~80 mmHg)
  9. > 60 mmHg to perfuse vital organs
  10. mostly arteriolar tone; also blood viscosity and vessel length
  11. carotid sinus & aortic arch; respond second-by-second; alter ANS output
  12. low BP triggers ADH; water retention
  13. plasma proteins (mainly albumin) pull fluid back in
  14. HP < OP → fluid returns
  15. liver disease (low albumin), nephrotic syndrome

Define it: high-yield vocabulary

Write a clear definition in your own words for each term.

  1. Tunica intima
  2. Tunica media
  3. Tunica externa
  4. Artery
  5. Arteriole
  6. Capillary
  7. Vein
  8. Systolic pressure
  9. Diastolic pressure
  10. Mean arterial pressure (MAP)
  11. Pulse pressure
  12. Hydrostatic pressure
  13. Oncotic pressure
  14. Edema

Part 2 of 4 · Anatomy lab

Draw and label

Box A. Artery, vein, and capillary in cross-section

Directions

  1. Draw three round vessels side by side: an artery (left), a vein (middle), and a capillary (right). Make them the right relative sizes (capillary is much smaller).
  2. Artery: thick wall with three layers. Innermost: tunica intima (endothelium). Middle: tunica media (thick smooth muscle and elastic fibers, this is what makes arteries elastic). Outermost: tunica externa (connective tissue). Lumen is small relative to wall thickness.
  3. Vein: thinner wall, also with three layers but tunica media is much thinner. Larger lumen relative to wall. Show one-way valves inside the vein (small flaps).
  4. Capillary: very thin wall, just a single layer of endothelium plus a basement membrane. Lumen barely bigger than a single red blood cell.
  5. Label all three tunica layers in the artery and vein; label endothelium and basement membrane in the capillary.
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Box B. Capillary bed

Directions

  1. Draw an arteriole entering from the left and branching into a meshwork of capillaries. The capillaries reunite into a venule that exits to the right.
  2. Label arteriole, capillaries, venule.
  3. At the arteriole-capillary junction, draw small smooth muscle rings: precapillary sphincters. Label.
  4. Note: precapillary sphincters open or close to direct blood flow into or away from this capillary bed depending on tissue need.
  5. In the surrounding tissue, draw 4 to 6 cells. Show arrows of oxygen and nutrients leaving the capillaries to enter the cells, and arrows of carbon dioxide and waste leaving the cells to enter the capillaries.
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Structures to label

Label each on your drawing.

  1. Tunica intima
  2. Tunica media
  3. Tunica externa
  4. Endothelium
  5. Basement membrane
  6. Smooth muscle
  7. Elastic fibers
  8. Vein valves
  9. Arteriole
  10. Capillary
  11. Venule
  12. Precapillary sphincter

Part 3 of 4 · Physiology lab

Reason it through

A. Blood pressure relationships

1. If cardiac output increases by 20 percent and peripheral resistance stays the same, what happens to blood pressure?
2. If a patient's peripheral resistance drops by half (e.g., during septic shock vasodilation) and cardiac output stays constant, what happens to blood pressure?
3. Cardiac output equals heart rate times stroke volume. If heart rate is 70 bpm and stroke volume is 70 mL, what is the cardiac output in liters per minute?
4. Predict what happens to mean arterial pressure when a person stands up quickly from lying down (consider gravity and venous return).
5. Explain mechanistically why having one-way valves in veins matters for venous return, especially in the lower limbs.
6. Capillaries are the site of all exchange between blood and tissues. Explain why capillary walls are so thin and why blood flow through capillaries is slow.

B. Synthesis

1. A patient has chronic hypertension (sustained high blood pressure). Predict the long-term changes in the arterial wall structure, and explain why hypertension increases the risk of stroke, heart attack, and kidney damage.
2. Varicose veins are dilated, twisted veins, typically in the legs. Explain mechanistically what fails (which structural feature), and why varicose veins are more common in people who stand for long periods.
3. A patient goes into septic shock: massive systemic vasodilation drops their blood pressure dangerously low. Use the BP equation to explain what is changing and why, then predict the body's compensatory responses (heart rate, sympathetic activity, ADH release).

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