Human A&PBIO 304 · American River College ← Week 07 pre-work

BIO 304 · Week 07 · Interactive Workbook

Lymphatic System & Innate Immunity

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Part 1 of 4 · Recall

Fill in the blanks

Type the term that completes each statement, using the word bank. Pull it from memory first.

Word bank

Dendritic cellsLymphatic capillariesSpleenStomach acid & enzymesImmune surveillanceRight lymphatic ductCytokinesFluid returnPain (dolor)Pyrogens (IL-1, IL-6, TNF, prostaglandin E2)Lymph trunksEosinophilsTonsilsTears, saliva, urine flowRedness (rubor)

  1. closed-end; collect interstitial fluid and proteins
  2. drain regions; lumbar, intestinal, bronchomediastinal, subclavian, jugular
  3. drains upper right; into right subclavian vein
  4. largest lymphoid organ; filters blood; recycles RBCs; immune response
  5. guard pharyngeal entrance (palatine, lingual, pharyngeal)
  6. lymph returns ~3L/day of capillary leakage
  7. nodes monitor lymph for pathogens and tumor cells
  8. kill ingested microbes
  9. mechanical and chemical washouts
  10. antigen-presenting; bridge to adaptive immunity
  11. parasites; allergic response
  12. interferons (antiviral), interleukins (signaling), TNF, chemokines
  13. vasodilation increases blood flow
  14. mediators (bradykinin, prostaglandins) sensitize nociceptors
  15. reset hypothalamic set point

Define it: high-yield vocabulary

Write a clear definition in your own words for each term.

  1. Lymph
  2. Lymphatic vessels
  3. Lymph node
  4. Spleen
  5. Thymus
  6. Innate immunity
  7. Phagocyte
  8. Natural killer (NK) cell
  9. Complement
  10. Cytokine
  11. Inflammation
  12. Fever (pyrogen)

Part 2 of 4 · Anatomy lab

Draw and label

Box A. Major lymphatic structures

Directions

  1. Draw a simple body outline.
  2. Lymph nodes: cluster small ovals at the cervical (neck), axillary (armpit), and inguinal (groin) regions. Label each cluster.
  3. Thymus: in the upper chest behind the sternum. Label (note: large in childhood, atrophies with age).
  4. Spleen: in the upper left abdomen, behind the stomach. Label.
  5. MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue): mark tonsils in the throat, Peyer's patches in the small intestine, and appendix. Label.
  6. Draw a network of lymphatic vessels running through the body, with two large terminal ducts emptying into veins near the heart: thoracic duct (drains most of the body, empties into the left subclavian vein) and right lymphatic duct (drains right upper body, empties into the right subclavian vein). Label.
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Box B. Acute inflammation in a tissue

Directions

  1. Draw a section of tissue with a small injury (e.g., a splinter introducing bacteria).
  2. Show a nearby blood capillary. Add arrows pointing OUT from the capillary indicating vasodilation and increased permeability.
  3. Show fluid leaking from the capillary into the tissue, causing edema (swelling). Label.
  4. Draw neutrophils squeezing through the capillary wall (diapedesis or extravasation) and migrating toward the bacteria. Label.
  5. Draw the neutrophils phagocytosing bacteria. Label.
  6. Mark the four cardinal signs of inflammation around the site: redness (rubor), heat (calor), swelling (tumor), pain (dolor). Add Latin names if you want.
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Structures to label

Label each on your drawing.

  1. Lymph node
  2. Cervical nodes
  3. Axillary nodes
  4. Inguinal nodes
  5. Thymus
  6. Spleen
  7. Tonsils
  8. Peyer's patches
  9. Appendix
  10. Lymphatic vessel
  11. Thoracic duct
  12. Right lymphatic duct
  13. Vasodilation
  14. Increased permeability
  15. Edema
  16. Neutrophil
  17. Diapedesis (extravasation)
  18. Phagocytosis
  19. Redness
  20. Heat
  21. Swelling
  22. Pain

Part 3 of 4 · Physiology lab

Reason it through

A. Innate defense table

Fever is a regulated rise in body temperature in response to infection. Explain mechanistically why a moderate fever is BENEFICIAL during a bacterial infection. Why is very high fever (over 41 C) dangerous?
Complement is a cascade of plasma proteins that can punch holes in bacterial membranes. Explain the term 'cascade' in this context, and how this design lets a small initial signal produce a large response.

B. Synthesis

1. A patient has a breast tumor removed along with several axillary lymph nodes. Predict the long-term consequence in the arm on that side, and explain mechanistically why this complication occurs (lymphedema).
2. A patient is taking corticosteroids long-term and develops infections easily. Explain mechanistically how corticosteroids suppress the innate immune response (consider phagocyte activity, inflammation, fever response).
3. Compare innate and adaptive immunity in one paragraph: speed of response, specificity, memory, and which cells are involved. Why does the body need BOTH systems?

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