Human A&PBIO 304 · American River College ← Week 08 pre-work

BIO 304 · Week 08 · Interactive Workbook

Renal, Urinary & Clinical Urinalysis

This one workbook covers Monday's urinary system lecture and Tuesday's clinical urinalysis lecture. Every answer can be found in those two videos. Type your answers, draw in the boxes or upload a photo of a hand drawing, then use Save as PDF to submit. Your work saves on this device as you go.

Watch first: Urinary System lecture (Monday) · Clinical Applications: Urinalysis (Tuesday). Both videos are also on the Week 08 pre-work page.

Due Friday, July 31 by 5:00 PM. Nothing is due mid-week; work at your own pace and submit everything by Friday at 5.

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Part 1 of 4 · Recall

Fill in the blanks

Type the term that completes each statement, using the word bank. Pull it from memory first, then check the lecture.

Word bank

ReninNephronTrigoneKidneysUreterUrethraGlomerulusHematuriaCalcitriolDetrusor muscleRenal cortexRenal medullaErythropoietinRetroperitonealBUN and creatinineTransitional epithelium

  1. The organ that does most of the urinary system's work
  2. The functional unit of the kidney
  3. The ball of capillaries where blood plasma is filtered
  4. The light-colored outer region of the kidney
  5. The inner region that holds the renal pyramids
  6. Enzyme the kidney releases that raises blood pressure
  7. Kidney hormone that tells red bone marrow to make more red blood cells
  8. Active vitamin D made by the kidney (raises calcium absorption)
  9. The two blood labs used to check kidney function
  10. Tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder
  11. Tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body
  12. Triangle on the bladder floor between the two ureter openings and the urethra
  13. The muscle of the bladder wall that squeezes urine out
  14. Stretchy tissue lining the ureters and bladder (accommodates stretch)
  15. Term for the kidneys' position behind the peritoneum
  16. The medical word for blood in the urine

Define it: high-yield vocabulary

Write a clear definition in your own words for each term.

  1. Nephron
  2. Glomerulus
  3. Filtration
  4. Micturition reflex
  5. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway
  6. Osmolarity
  7. Urinalysis (UA)
  8. Specific gravity
  9. Proteinuria
  10. Culture and sensitivity

Part 2 of 4 · Anatomy lab

Draw and label

Box A. The urinary tract (whole-system view)

Directions

  1. Draw the two kidneys, one on each side (remember the right sits slightly lower because of the liver).
  2. From the hilum of each kidney, draw a ureter running down to a single urinary bladder in the middle.
  3. From the bottom of the bladder, draw the urethra leaving the body.
  4. Label: kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra, and the trigone (triangle on the bladder floor).
  5. Draw arrows showing the direction urine flows, kidneys to outside.
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Your uploaded drawing for Box A. The urinary tract

Box B. One nephron (the kidney's filter unit)

Directions

  1. Draw a glomerulus (ball of capillaries) sitting inside a cup-shaped glomerular (Bowman's) capsule.
  2. Show the afferent arteriole going IN and the efferent arteriole coming OUT of the glomerulus.
  3. From the capsule, draw the tubule in order: proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle (down then up), distal convoluted tubule, then collecting duct.
  4. Label each part, plus the renal papilla where filtrate becomes urine.
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Your uploaded drawing for Box B. One nephron

Structures to label

Label each of these on your drawings.

  1. Kidney
  2. Ureter
  3. Urinary bladder
  4. Urethra
  5. Trigone
  6. Glomerulus
  7. Glomerular (Bowman's) capsule
  8. Afferent arteriole
  9. Efferent arteriole
  10. Proximal convoluted tubule
  11. Loop of Henle
  12. Distal convoluted tubule
  13. Collecting duct
  14. Renal papilla

Part 3 of 4 · Physiology

Reason it through

Kidney and urinary function

List, in order, the path a drop of urine takes from where it is first called "urine" (the renal papilla) all the way out of the body.
Most people can lose or donate one kidney and stay healthy. Explain what the remaining kidney does and roughly how much kidney function is kept.
Walk through the micturition (voiding) reflex: about what volume of urine triggers it, which receptors sense it, which spinal segments run the reflex, and what happens to the internal and external urethral sphincters.
Give the two reasons from the lecture that women get urinary tract infections more often than men.
Explain how the kidney helps raise blood pressure using the enzyme renin.

Part 4 of 4 · Clinical lab

Reading a urinalysis

New to mind maps? Full step-by-step directions, a worked example, and a findings reference are on the urinalysis mind map directions page.

A. The three parts of a UA

A urinalysis is read in three passes. In your own words, say what each pass looks at.

Macroscopic exam (what you can see without a microscope):
Chemical exam (the dipstick):
Microscopic exam (under the microscope):

B. What does each dipstick result mean?

The dipstick is positive for glucose. What does that suggest, and about how high does blood glucose have to climb before glucose "spills" into the urine?
The dipstick is positive for ketones. What is the body doing to make ketones, and name two situations from the lecture that cause it.
The dipstick is positive for protein (albumin). Why is protein the most important sign of kidney disease, and what is it screened for in a pregnant patient?
The dipstick is positive for nitrites. What does that mean is present, and what is the most common bacteria?
The dipstick is positive for leukocyte esterase. What does that tell you, and what does it point toward?
Specific gravity is HIGH on one sample and LOW on another. Explain what each result says about the urine and the patient.

C. Work the cases

Case 1. A 22-year-old comes in with burning when she urinates, going to the bathroom often, and a low backache. Her urine is cloudy with a foul odor. The dipstick is positive for leukocyte esterase and nitrites. Interpret each finding, give the most likely diagnosis, and name the lab test that identifies the exact bacteria (and must be done BEFORE antibiotics are started).
Case 2. Someone did an extreme workout and now has very sore, swollen muscles. Their urinalysis shows positive blood and positive protein, but the microscopic exam shows NO red blood cells. Explain which pigment is really being detected and name the muscle-breakdown condition this points to.

Box C. Synthesis — your urinalysis interpretation mind map

Directions

  1. In the center of the box, write URINALYSIS (UA) and circle it. This is your central node, the way we build maps in this course.
  2. Draw three main branches off the center: Macroscopic, Chemical / Dipstick, and Microscopic.
  3. Off each branch, add the things you check. Macroscopic: color, clarity, odor. Chemical: pH, specific gravity, glucose, ketones, protein, blood, leukocyte esterase, nitrites, bilirubin. Microscopic: red blood cells, white blood cells, casts, crystals.
  4. At the end of each leaf, write what an ABNORMAL result tells you. Worked example to copy the style: Chemical → Nitrites → positive → bacteria present → most often E. coli → confirm with culture & sensitivity.
  5. Build at least the full Chemical/Dipstick branch.
  6. Then find the pattern: add six diagnosis nodes — UTI, diabetes/DKA, glomerulonephritis, rhabdomyolysis, kidney stones, and liver/gallbladder — and draw an arrow from each finding to every diagnosis it points to. The diagnosis that collects the most arrows is the pattern. The directions page lists which findings point to each. Draw it here or upload a photo of a hand-drawn map.
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Your uploaded drawing for Box C. Urinalysis interpretation mind map
In 2 to 3 sentences: if you were a medical assistant reading a urine dipstick at work, how would this map help you decide what a result means, and how would the arrows to your diagnosis nodes help you spot the pattern when several pads are positive at once?

Submit · due Friday, July 31 by 5:00 PM

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