Human A&PBIO 304 · American River College ← Week 08 pre-work

BIO 304 · Week 08 · Interactive Workbook

Fluid, Electrolyte & Acid-Base Balance

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Part 1 of 4 · Recall

Fill in the blanks

Type the term that completes each statement, using the word bank. Pull it from memory first.

Word bank

HypernatremiaSlower but finalAG = Na+ - (Cl- + HCO₃-)Protein (hemoglobin, plasma)Plasma (~5%)Main intracellular cationBicarbonate (HCO₃-/H₂CO₃)RegulatorsArterial pHHypercalcemiaHyperkalemiaDriven byIntracellular fluid (ICF, ~40%)Main extracellular cationMetabolic alkalosis

  1. high K+, phosphate, Mg²⁺, protein
  2. ECF inside blood vessels; has plasma proteins
  3. sets ECF osmolarity
  4. cellular shrinkage; thirst
  5. tiny serum changes have big effects
  6. peaked T waves, wide QRS, cardiac arrest
  7. PTH (raises Ca²⁺), calcitonin (lowers, minor), vitamin D (gut absorption)
  8. stones, bones, groans, psychiatric overtones
  9. 7.35-7.45 (tight!)
  10. main extracellular buffer
  11. absorbs or releases H+
  12. medullary chemoreceptors sensing CSF pH
  13. long-term compensator
  14. pH high, HCO₃- high · vomiting, diuretics, hyperaldosteronism
  15. normal ~12

Define it: high-yield vocabulary

Write a clear definition in your own words for each term.

  1. Intracellular fluid (ICF)
  2. Extracellular fluid (ECF)
  3. Sodium balance
  4. Potassium balance
  5. Calcium balance
  6. pH
  7. Buffer
  8. Bicarbonate buffer system
  9. Respiratory acidosis
  10. Respiratory alkalosis
  11. Metabolic acidosis
  12. Metabolic alkalosis
  13. Anion gap

Part 2 of 4 · Anatomy lab

Draw and label

Box A. Body fluid compartments

Directions

  1. Draw a person silhouette. Show total body water as about 60 percent of body weight.
  2. Divide total body water into two compartments:
  3. Intracellular fluid (ICF): about 40 percent of body weight, or about 2/3 of total body water. Inside the body's cells. Dominant ions: K+ (high), phosphate (high), proteins (high). Label.
  4. Extracellular fluid (ECF): about 20 percent of body weight, or about 1/3 of total body water. Subdivide ECF into: plasma (about 1/4 of ECF, inside blood vessels) and interstitial fluid (about 3/4 of ECF, between cells in tissues). Dominant ions in ECF: Na+ (high), Cl- (high), HCO3-.
  5. Mark the cell membrane separating ICF from ECF, and the capillary endothelium separating plasma from interstitial fluid.
  6. Note: the Na+/K+ ATPase is what maintains the K+-rich inside and Na+-rich outside.
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Box B. Acid-base regulation: lungs and kidneys

Directions

  1. Write the central equation at the top: CO2 + H2O <-> H2CO3 <-> H+ + HCO3-. Note: carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the first step.
  2. Show the LUNGS adjusting CO2: increased ventilation blows off more CO2 (shifts the equation LEFT, removing H+, raising pH). Decreased ventilation retains CO2 (shifts RIGHT, raising H+, lowering pH). Label respiratory compensation.
  3. Show the KIDNEYS adjusting HCO3- and H+: the kidney can reabsorb HCO3- to raise pH, or excrete H+ into urine to raise pH. Conversely, it can excrete HCO3- and retain H+ to lower pH. Label renal compensation.
  4. Note the time courses: respiratory compensation is FAST (minutes). Renal compensation is SLOW (days).
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Structures to label

Label each on your drawing.

  1. Total body water (~60% body weight)
  2. Intracellular fluid (ICF)
  3. Extracellular fluid (ECF)
  4. Plasma
  5. Interstitial fluid
  6. Na+ (high ECF)
  7. K+ (high ICF)
  8. HCO3- (bicarbonate)
  9. H2CO3 (carbonic acid)
  10. Carbonic anhydrase
  11. Respiratory compensation
  12. Renal compensation

Part 3 of 4 · Physiology lab

Reason it through

A. Acid-base disorders

1. A patient with severe COPD retains CO2 chronically.
2. An anxious patient hyperventilates after a panic attack.
3. A diabetic patient in DKA produces ketoacids faster than the kidneys can clear them.
4. A patient vomits repeatedly for 24 hours, losing large amounts of HCl from the stomach.
5. A patient with a heroin overdose has slow, shallow breathing (hypoventilation).
6. A patient at high altitude (low atmospheric O2) hyperventilates to maximize oxygen uptake.

B. Synthesis

1. An ABG (arterial blood gas) shows pH 7.25, PCO2 60 mmHg, HCO3- 28 mEq/L. Identify the disorder and the expected compensation. What clinical condition might produce this picture?
2. A patient is severely dehydrated from diarrhea. Predict the effects on (a) total body water compartments, (b) serum Na+, (c) blood pressure, (d) the kidney's response (ADH, aldosterone). What IV fluid would you give and why?
3. Hyperkalemia (high serum K+) is life-threatening because it depolarizes excitable cells. Explain mechanistically why elevated extracellular K+ depolarizes cells, and predict the consequence for cardiac action potentials.

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